How do artists simulate movement in rigid stone animal sculptures?

Artists masterfully simulate movement in rigid stone animal sculptures through a combination of techniques that trick the eye and evoke dynamism. One key method is the use of dynamic poses—capturing animals mid-stride, leaping, or twisting to suggest action. Strategic texture work, such as carved fur or feathers, enhances the illusion by implying wind resistance or muscle tension. Clever manipulation of negative space around the sculpture creates a sense of motion, while asymmetrical compositions prevent static rigidity. Some sculptors even employ optical tricks like elongated limbs or exaggerated perspectives to amplify perceived movement. The contrast between polished and rough surfaces further suggests energy flow across the form. These artistic choices transform cold, unyielding stone into vibrant, seemingly animated creatures frozen in a moment of action.