How does salt crystallization damage porous stone sculptures near oceans?

Salt crystallization is a major cause of damage to porous stone sculptures located near oceans. When seawater penetrates the stone's pores, it carries dissolved salts. As the water evaporates, salt crystals form and expand within the stone's microscopic spaces. This expansion creates internal pressure, leading to cracks, flaking, and surface deterioration over time. Repeated cycles of wetting and drying worsen the damage, as new salt crystals continually form and grow. Additionally, some salts react chemically with the stone's minerals, further weakening its structure. The combination of physical stress and chemical alteration makes coastal environments particularly harsh for porous stone artworks. Preventive measures, such as protective coatings or regular desalination treatments, are often necessary to preserve these sculptures.