How does frost action damage untreated concrete outdoor sculptures?
Frost action is a major cause of damage to untreated concrete outdoor sculptures, primarily due to the freeze-thaw cycle. When water penetrates the porous surface of concrete and freezes, it expands by about 9%, creating internal pressure. This repeated expansion and contraction weakens the concrete's structure, leading to cracks, spalling, and surface deterioration. Over time, these micro-fractures grow, compromising the sculpture's integrity. Untreated concrete lacks protective sealants, making it more vulnerable to moisture absorption. Preventive measures like sealants or weather-resistant mixes can mitigate frost damage, preserving outdoor artworks.
