What are the effects of tree sap on the porosity of stone surfaces?

Tree sap can significantly alter the porosity of stone surfaces over time. When sap from trees comes into contact with stone, it seeps into the tiny pores and cracks, gradually hardening as it dries. This process can reduce the stone's natural porosity, affecting its ability to absorb and release moisture. Over time, the trapped sap may lead to surface discoloration, weakening, or even accelerated weathering due to chemical interactions. However, in some cases, the sap's resinous properties can act as a natural sealant, temporarily protecting the stone from environmental damage. Understanding these effects is crucial for conservation efforts, especially in historical or architectural contexts where stone integrity is a priority. Regular cleaning and specialized treatments may be necessary to mitigate long-term damage caused by tree sap on porous stone surfaces.