What are the effects of wind-driven rain on stone animal sculpture erosion?

Wind-driven rain significantly accelerates the erosion of stone animal sculptures by combining mechanical and chemical weathering processes. The force of wind propels raindrops against the sculpture's surface, gradually wearing away finer details and smoothing edges. Additionally, rainwater—especially in polluted environments—can react with minerals in the stone, causing discoloration, pitting, and structural weakening over time.

Porous stones like limestone and sandstone are particularly vulnerable, as water penetrates deeper, leading to freeze-thaw damage in colder climates. To preserve these artworks, protective coatings, sheltered placements, and regular maintenance are essential. Understanding these erosion mechanisms helps conservators develop strategies to prolong the lifespan of outdoor stone sculptures.