What historical movements embraced raw concrete in minimalist abstract works?

Raw concrete became a defining material in minimalist abstract works during several influential historical movements. Brutalism, emerging in the mid-20th century, prominently featured raw concrete to emphasize functionality and stark geometric forms. Artists and architects like Le Corbusier and Tadao Ando used its unrefined texture to create powerful, abstract compositions. The Japanese Metabolism movement also integrated raw concrete into minimalist designs, blending tradition with modernity. These movements redefined aesthetics by celebrating the material's honesty, leaving a lasting impact on art and architecture. Today, raw concrete remains a symbol of minimalist abstraction, admired for its bold simplicity and timeless appeal.