What historical female artists pioneered the use of cast iron in abstract sculptures?

Several visionary female artists revolutionized the art world by pioneering the use of cast iron in abstract sculptures. Among them, British sculptor Dame Barbara Hepworth stands out for her innovative metalwork in the mid-20th century, blending organic forms with industrial materials. American artist Louise Nevelson also experimented with cast iron, creating monumental abstract assemblages that challenged traditional sculpture norms. Similarly, French sculptor Germaine Richier incorporated cast iron into her surrealist-inspired figures, pushing the boundaries of material and form. These trailblazing women not only expanded the possibilities of abstract art but also paved the way for future generations of sculptors to explore unconventional mediums. Their legacy continues to inspire contemporary artists working with metal and abstraction today.